Capnodium
Capnodium Mont. [as 'Capnodio'], Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 11: 233 (1849)
Antennariella Bat. & Cif., Quad. Lab. crittogam., Pavia 31: 22 (1963)
Apiosporium Kunze, in Kunze & Schmidt, Mykologische Hefte (Leipzig) 1: 8 (1817)
Capnodium sugen. Capnodaria Sacc., Syll. Fung. (Abellini) 1:74 (1882)
Capnodaria (Sacc.) Theiss. & Syd., Ann mycol. 15(6): 474 (1918) [1917]
Capnodenia (Sacc.) Theiss. & Syd. (1917)
Fumago sect. Polychaeton Pers., Mycol. eur. (Erlanga) 1: 9 (1822)
Fumagospora G. Arnaud, Annals d’École Nationald’Agric de Montpellier, Série 2 10(4): 326 (1911)
Morfea G. Arnaud ex Cif. & Bat., Saccardoa 2: 142 (1963)
Morfea Roze, Bull. Soc. bot. Fr. 14(1): 21 (1867)
Phaeoxyphiella Bat. & Cif., Quad. Lab. crittogam., Pavia 31: 145 (1963)
Phaeoxyphium Bat. & Cif., Quad. Ist. Bot. Univ. Pavia 27: 154 (1963)
Phaeoxyphium Bat. & J.L. Bezerra, Atti Ist. bot. Univ. Lab. crittog. Pavia, sér. 5 18: 169 (1960)
Polychaeton (Pers.) Lév., in Orbigny, Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat. 8: 493 (1846)
Scolecoxyphium Cif. & Bat. Publções Inst. Micol. Recife 47: 5 (1956)
Index Fungorum, Facesoffungi number, MycoBank, GenBank
Classification: Capnodiaceae, Capnodiales, Dothideomycetidae, Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota, Fungi
Capnodiaceae species are epiphytic and saprobic on leaves which are associated with sugary exudates from insects, and they can cause sooty moulds in many plants. The mycelium is superficial, pale brown, forming a loose or dense network or a thick pseudoparenchymatous stromata. Sexual and asexual states of these species are often growing together. The sexual morph is characterised by ascomata which are superficial on mycelium, ellipsoidal to globose, brown to dark brown or black, short-stalked or sessile, ostiolate, scattered or clustered and setae not present. The peridium is constituted by dark brown to pale brown, thick-walled cells forming a textura angularis. The hamathecium is without pseudoparaphyses. Asci are 8-spored, saccate, ovoid or clavate, bitunicate, aparaphysate, apedicellate, and without an ocular chamber. Ascospores are brown, oblong or ovoid and some reniform, one or more vertical septa of transversely septate present or not present. The asexual morph is characterised by superficial pycnidia, which are dark brown, solitary to gregarious, long or short-stalked or sessile, unilocular, and without setae. The ostiole is apical, hyphae continue up to the tapered neck, terminating in a small hole surrounded by blunt-rounded hyphal ends. The pycnidial wall is composed of brown to pale brown, cuboid to longitudinally elongated cells of a textura angularis. The stalk wall is dark brown, and thick-walled forming a textura porrecta. The conidiophores are hyaline, cylindrical to subcylindrical, septate, unbranched, and formed from the inner layer of the base and sides of the pycnidial wall. The conidiogenous cells are hyaline, phialidic, determinate, integrated, enteroblastic, cylindrical to dolliform, and smooth-walled. Conidia are ellipsoid to cylindrical, hyaline, 1-celled, guttulate or eguttulate (Chomnunti et al. 2011, Li et al. 2020, Abdollahzadeh et al. 2020, Marasinghe et al. 2023).
Type species: Capnodium citri Berk. & Desm., in Berkeley, Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 4: 252 (1849)
≡ Fumago citri Pers., Mycol. eur. (Erlanga) 1: 9 (1822).
≡ Polychaeton citri (Pers.) Lév., in Orbigny, Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat. 8: 493 (1846)
≡ Microxiphium citri (Berk. & Desm.) Speg., Boln Acad. nac. Cienc. Córdoba 26(2–4): 399 (1924) [1923]
= Apiosporium citri Briosi & Pass., Atti R.acad. Lincei, Trans., Sér. 3 7: 22 (1882).
= Apiosporium salicis Kunze, in Kunze & Schmidt, Mykologische Hefte (Leipzig) 1: 8 (1817)
= Capnodium salicinum Mont., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3 11: 234 (1849)
= Pleosphaeria salicina (Mont.) G. Arnaud
= Polychaeton salicinum (Mont.) Kuntze, Revis. gen. pl. (Leipzig) 3: 1–576 (1891)
= Teichospora salicina (Mont.) Gäum.
= Limacinia citri (Briosi & Pass.) Sacc., Hedwigia 36: 20 (1897)
= Meliola citri (Briosi & Pass.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 1: 69 (1882)
Notes: Capnodium was introduced by Montagne (1849) based on Fumago citri, and was treated as the type genus of Capnodiaceae. Capnodium citri was treated as the type species in this genus. Chomnunti et al. (2014) provided detailed descriptions and illustrations by re-examining the herbarium specimens of C. citri and C. tiliae. Rossman et al. (2016) regarded Fumagospora in an additional synonym of Capnodium. Li et al. (2020) considered Conidioxyphium as a synonym of Capnodium based on based on both morphology and phylogeny. At the same time, Li et al. (2020) also introduced C. aciculiforme as a new combination for this taxon and C. paracoartatum as a new species. Currently, there are 44 species names of Capnodium listed in Species Fungorum (May, 2024). However, only 12 species have sequence data in GenBank (May, 2024). The updated taxonomic treatment of this genus is Capnodiaceae, in Capnodiales (Dothideomycetes) (Wijayawardene et al. 2020).
For all accepted species: search in Species Fungorum Capnodium.
Capnodium gardeniarum (redrawn from Sutton 1980). a Conidia b Branched conidiomata. c Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and developing conidia. d Side view of a conidioma. a–b = 100 μm, c = 10 μm, d = 100 μm. (Originally published in Li et al. (2020) and republished with authority, d redrawn by Chao Chen)
References :
Entry by Chao Chen1,2,3
Edited by Kevin D. Hyde1,3 & Ishara S. Manawasinghe1
1Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China.
2Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
3Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand; School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand.
Published online 2024-May 30.
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